![]() Reducing sugars, mainly fructose and glucose, are present in this product in about 25,7%. Digestible carbohydrates occur in the pollen in the amount of 30,8% on average. Moreover, in the pollen, there are significant amounts of nucleic acids, especially ribonucleic one. These protein elements are life essential and the organism cannot synthesize them by itself. Pollen contains 22,7% of protein on average, including 10,4% of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, threonine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. In the group of basic chemical substances, there are proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids and fatty acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, and coenzymes as well as vitamins and bioelements. 200 substances were found in the pollen grains from different plant species. Pollen is quite a varied plant product rich in biologically active substances. However, they may occasionally collect fungal spores from moldy plants. The group of plants from which only pollen is collected includes poppy, corn, and lupine, while from other melliferous plants bees collect both nectar and pollen. However, it sometimes happens that the bees collect pollen from many different plant species. The pollen basket, which is brought to the hive, usually consists of the pollen from one plant. The color of the pollen is varied ranging from bright yellow to black. The majority of pollens consist of single grains which are sometimes joined with two or more grains. Their weight is equal to a dozen or several dozens of micrograms. The grain shapes are diverse: round, cylindrical, bell-shaped, triangular, or thorny. Pollen grains, depending of the plant species, differ in shape, color, size, and weight. Furthermore, on its surface, there are numerous pores and furrows as well as a layer of balsam which all facilitate sticking of pollen to bees' abdomens. ![]() The exine defines itself by a strong resistance to physicochemical factors. The internal cell wall is called intine, while the external one is called exine. The grain dust is encompassed by a double-layered cell wall. The bee pollen occurs in the anthers of seed plants in the form of 2,5–250 μm grains. Moreover, it is also the source of nutritional and mineral substances for royal jelly produced by worker bees. Bee bread constitutes the basic protein source for the bee colony. The substance which has been created is bee bread which undergoes anaerobic fermentation and is preserved thanks to the arising lactic acid. Next, the surface of the collected pollen is covered with a thin layer of honey and wax. In the hive, the collected pollen, dampened with saliva and fragmented by flightless bees, is packed in honeycomb cells. The field bees collect and transport the bee pollen to the hive. They collect pollen from plant anthers, mix it with a small dose of the secretion from salivary glands or nectar, and place it in specific baskets (corbiculae) which are situated on the tibia of their hind legs. ![]() īee pollen is a raw material from which bees produce bee bread. ![]() īee pollen is used in the apitherapeutic treatment as it demonstrates a series of actions such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, and local analgesic and also facilitates the granulation process of the burn wound healing. In the composition of the bee pollen, there are about 250 substances including amino acids, lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids), vitamins, macro- and micronutrients, and flavonoids. The chemical composition of one of the most known apitherapeutics, bee pollen, depends strongly on the plant source and geographic origin, together with other factors such as climatic conditions, soil type, and bees race and activities. Apitherapeutics are natural agents which contain groups of chemical compounds with approved action and range of activity. ![]()
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